Wedding Flowers Everett

The Sister Arts: the relationship between poetry and painting

ILLUSTRATED MODELS TO SEE Blake's poems in Songs of Innocence and Experience?

Leila Rouhi Shalmaei

Master's degree of Arts in English Literature

University of Sussex in England

NO ADVANCE MODELS ILLUSTRATED Blake poems in Songs of Innocence and experience?

Introduction:

Blake was born in London in 1757. His father was slow to recognize the artistic talent of his son and sent him to study at an art school when I was ten. At fourteen years, William has asked to be apprenticed to the engraver James Bazire, under whose leadership improved their innate abilities. As a young man Blake worked as an engraver, illustrator and art teacher, and met with artists such as John Flaxman and Henry Fuseli and Sir Joshua Reynolds, whose classical style later come to reject. Blake wrote poems during this time also, and her first print collection, a volume of immature and non-derivative called poetic sketches, published in 1783. Songs of Innocence was published in 1789, followed by songs of experience in 1793 and a combined edition of the Next year style songs of innocence and experience that shows the two states do not the human soul.

In 1809, Blake sank into depression and sought refuge in the dark, he stayed away for the rest of his life. His contemporaries regarded him as eccentric, as it was. Suspended between the neoclassicism of the early 18th century phases of romanticism, Blake does not belong to any single poetic school or age. Only in the 20th century could not start a broad public to recognize their great originality and genius.

(1985, 492)

Blake's political radicalism has intensified in the years preceding the French Revolution. He began a poem of seven books on the revolution, but was destroyed or never completed, and only survives the first book. Enlightenment rationalism disapproved of religion institutionalized. In the 1790s and then changed his poetic voice of lyric poetry in prophetic fashion, and wrote a long series of prophetic books, including Jerusalem and Milton.

Blake has published almost all the works themselves, by an original process in which the poems were recorded by hand, with illustrations and photographs, decorative copper plates. These plates have been signed to make prints and copies were then stained with paint. This costly method of production and work led to a very limited movement of Blake's poetry during his lifetime. He also asked a series of special challenges for researchers Blake's work, involving two literary critics and art historians. Studies on his work shows that we must consider his art graphics and writing and, of course, thought of them as inseparable.

(1985, 493)

William Blake was one of the most romantic artists of the 19th century English influence. Their poems, paintings and prints, has shown a remarkable talent. He an artist who mixes his poetry to painting, which was very interesting.

At the time, was influenced by the movements of social, ideological and political relations with the romance that made him practice his own way and develop a new style.

Why decorate their pages with lines and spots of color? Recorded illustrations for printed books and was familiar with the emblems, devices, borders and other decorations that embellish and interpret the printed page.

One critic wrote admiring poems of Blake:

Short poems Blake are like pebbles thrown into a pool, creating ripples that travel outward indefinitely touches everything they touch. In its most mild, are like tendrils caressing world, its more violent as the bombs to break into pieces the structure of false beliefs and opinions [1] 1

In his critique of innocence and experience, CM Bowra maintains that the direction the Earth is a call that reflects the genuine desire for Blake to create a "short end of innocence can be attributed the experience and kindness towards knowledge "on February 2

The poems and lyrics of the song innocence experience are representations Blake continuing conflict between innocence and experience. Each poem tells interwoven stories links.

Moreover, the break "day" is a symbol of new life in which innocence and experience is transformed and the soul of man to achieve a fuller life more active in the creative imagination. March 3

Regarding the relationship between the Songs of Innocence and Songs of Experience and some similarities in Bowra adds:

… The Bard in "Introduction to Songs of Experience" appears again in "The Sick Rose [1] "and is appealing again a person, maybe this person is the same character the narrator at the end of "The Green Ecchoing. When weaving through these stories and characters, Blake shows the views of the innocence and experience as they appear in many characters. Although these characters are not real characters in the poems above, sufficient evidence to support the theory that the characters are put in place is to represent the characters who have similar experiences which were introduced earlier. Blake sets a little different "Types" of characters whose types are defined by the number, experience, wisdom and maturity. "

Blake's best-known work is the contained in his Songs of Innocence and Songs Experience collections of poems. The first of these collections, printed in 1789, portrays a naive world of nature with accents like Christ. It recognizes, however, opposition or otherwise. The Songs of Experience, a later collection, printed in 1794, is a cold and sad despair.

In this essay, attempt to compare the models in the picture and the poems of Blake in his Songs of Innocence and experience and to examine to what extent his paintings are his poems.

As my first step, I would like to clarify some of the poems in Songs of Innocence and their images. This discussion is followed by a similar study in his song experience. Finally, meet the arguments expressed by a number of criticisms of his acquaintance and then a conclusion.

Lyrics of innocence

Blake has released his Songs of Innocence 1789. The poems are full of innocence and simplicity of life. The text focuses on the period children and is full of lively energy. The design and text are simple and contain topics that are related to nature and children. Each element in the text and in particular emblems and design can be considered negligible.

In Picture Theory, Mitchell argues differently in Quality Songs innocence as the reeds and water color that indicates a type of absence and lack of innocence accompanies the attempt to express the message of innocence. What makes songs of the poems of innocence is ignorance of the narrator of these evil connotations. (1994.122)

Blake was suggested about two years before a man can be insulted with "the innocence of a child … because he criticizes mistakes become mad."

John H. Hagstrum said here today that offers lyrics of innocence with three interrelated elements – the humble, natural sexuality, and the poet Christ.
Humble is privacy Frontier Province is more rich and beautiful in it than any other page of Blake. Blake At the border, with trees, lianas, vines, leaves, birds and insects, life was rich and evocative even the letters of the title page vegetate in organic forms

As the second major theme of Songs of Innocence, sexuality is natural as in the word, the border and design. Some symbols are recurring sexual lamb, sheep, leaves, stems, grapes, and the embrace of man and woman. For example, Children in the second page of The Green Ecchoing. "Making a bunch of grapes from a vine, a girl is a symbol of sexual arousal.

The poet the innocence of Christ is represented mainly in poetic and prophetic character of divine love and human imagination. All those who are lost to save the event of Christ, or divine shepherd seeks and finds the lost sheep.

In this part, I would like to explain some of the famous poems such as Songs of Innocence: "The Green Ecchoing", "The Lamb," "The Little Black Boy" and "Infant Joy."

I should mention also the critical views of others, about these poems.

The Green Ecchoing

Blake uses a curved line extending from left to right and top to connect the different parts of the shape and vision. Like the drawings, the poems are full of life and action, sun, birds singing, children playing, happy bells, and laughter. However, visual images are missing some details that are included in texts like the sun and birds. In addition, the poem ends with a symbolic reference mortality, giving the last lines of his sad mood:

"Like birds in their nest

Are you ready for the rest: And sport

You do not see,

In dark green.

As already indicated, the second element of innocence is not inhibited sexuality, which is obviously seen enough in "The Ecchoing Green, in the first design is a child with a hoop and a child with a bat that describe a summer day.

According to Hagstrum, the second page the poem shows all iconic qualities that Blake handled such as: direct appeal to children and adults to listen, the presence of proverbial wisdom, as substrate, and the conversion of people and natural details into a universal symbol. The poem is about sports Children's Day symbolizes the beginning and end of life and is supported by its design. On the second page, children from grapes right off the border to members of a group that is returning home to play. Symbolizes the transition from innocence to experience through the door of sex. (1964.56)

The Lamb

In "The Lamb," Lamb has religious meaning and refers to Christ. The illustration of the image shows a tree that bends around the edge and between the stanzas. Also pictured, we see a house that is not mentioned in the text or willow (a symbol of heaven) in the back of the image. As you can see in the picture, Blake uses a natural landscape to express his thoughts. S. Gardner, like the poem, the lamb is not the only, and is accompanied by a man. This shows a composite of Christian spirit and the "reality pastoral" becomes a symbol of compassion and is associated with the clear light of day. (1986, 79)

On the other hand, hear the word does not appear in the image. It seems in the first stanza of the child speaks to an animal (sheep), but in the second stanza speaks of Christ. In the last four verses of the poem, the Christ of God, and the child to mix with each other and all become one:

"It is called by thy name

Because he calls himself a lamb

It is soft and sweet it is,

He became a young child:

I am a child and was in a sheep

We been called by name. "

Poem has a simple style and rhyme fluency, which is comparable with the simple design of the image. They have both a zone pastoral and peaceful. By design, there are two female angels, one of them is dancing on a stalk of wheat and the other is sitting at another mother in the first and focuses on children. In addition, two sheep and a lamb that is surrounded by ears of wheat. There are, however, there is a text equivalent for sheep and stems.

The black child, he

There are two songs and two photos of "The black child." In the first table, a black child is talking to his mother black. A branch separates the twisted image of the stanzas. There are two trees in front of the other can be considered the mother and child in the poem. The sun in the image is interpreted as God. The child black sitting in the lap of his mother and points to the sun. However, the two trees are not mentioned in the poem. In addition, in the poem the mother raises her arm and pointing the east, while the image is the child who shows the sky with his hand.

In Blake's composite art, Mitchell explained that in the poem, Blake uses a pictorial reference on the subject of a guardian angel with the human soul to God. This allusion is completing a change of consciousness is clear in the text: the child realize that despite its black color, is equal to or even higher than white children ("I'm black, but my soul is white") because he had to endure much suffering (Ironically called "having the rays of love." The poem begins with the white ("White as an angel") and black children in a miserable state ("Mourning Light"), but the drawing shows a reversal of roles. (1978, 12)

In another song of the same name, the design shows a white child resting on the knee of Christ pastor. The black boy is behind him "stroking the hair of money." The photo shows a flock of grazing sheep and a willow tree is the symbol of paradise. None of these details are included in the text. These features indicate a heavenly state before the child black eye. Although the text of the first poem is a pictorial reference in Title II, the allusion is to the visual image of himself. In the first image song, the boy and his mother at the top of the design along a river, while in the second table, the boys are black and white with Christ in the bottom of the image. In both combinations, the images appear to be that literal translations of texts, which can be considered independent works of art themselves.

Infant Joy

Blake wrote his "Baby Joy", especially monosyllabic words and melodious, smooth tongue. Although there is old enough to talk (which is only two days), expresses its profound natural happiness with a gentle smile that can parallel with the bleating of a lamb.

Robert N. Essick wrote the smile of the child the joy and sense of what it says is a translation into the language of what he says through his expressive signs. The smile of a child is a visual companion natural signs of the hearing that resonate of Blake's Songs of Innocence tears, laughter, sighs, shouts, bleats, birds singing, screaming, shouting, …. (1989 110-11)

The poem is a deep affection between mother and son, who, at a deeper level shows Christ's love and compassion. The elements of love, birth, sexuality, uninhibited and natural joy can be distinguished in the image of the poem, too.

Explain visual image of the poem, Hagstrum says:

"Words alone will introduce only two speakers, the child and mother. The presence in the design … third series of unexpected, whose hands are raised in fear, ambiguity adds drama – but also makes a scene at a time and a birth Holy Annunciation Headquarters. Only text has no idea of the stem, leaves, flowers – important detail for the flame of flowers and hanging outbreak suggests the sexual experience and childbirth, and the thorny stem advance angle and leaves the world of experience. "(1964, June)

The border design and the joy of children "spreads its meaning, but the poem says nothing about the third person (an angel with wings) that appears in the design, or if there is a plant or a flower (which means the uterus) in the poem. The child's face shows no smile of joy, but that clearly expresses the security and tranquility.

Songs of Experience

Songs experience will be published after the Songs of Innocence. Although there are some similarities between the two collections of poems, the experience is almost different.

Hagstrum describes the quality of these great songs:

The tree of innocence is a large and healthy, their branches intertwined in an embrace of nature, but anticipates the drop in serpentine vines that often ends his trunk. Tree experience is dry and dead branches wilt as arches on the page that thorny branches invade the text, but its shape and water jets shoot some still remember its pristine vigor. The experience is associated with innocence as a living fossil.

He also says:

The experience is not primarily a state of nature, is psychological, political, social, status humans and their institutions …. Experience is the work of the church, state, and men in society. (1964, 78)

In this section, we discuss some great poems of Songs of Experience, including: the tiger, the scholar and sweep.

El Tigre

The Tiger is perhaps, apart from the words the hymn Jerusalem, the most famous of all the works of Blake. As the poem against the lamp, the Tiger is from the heart of the Songs of Experience. Although There are various interpretations of Le Tigre, and some critics as widely read Marsh to conclude that it is a poem about our "constant struggle decipher interpret and control the world around us, and satire about how we try to accomplish this task, I think Tiger is a poem that focuses on the creation of evil in the world. More specifically, in the context of other works of Blake and personal opinion, as a subtle message that the establishment of the installation is the creation of a great evil. El Tigre is a poem full of rich, powerful images and sound.

The more questions about the tiger, his power seems most notable creators. The power that the Creator informed is important for the development and pages of poems here ambiguous areas of the poem should be interpreted, that the tiger can not be "framed" can be interpreted as the inability to control any or "capture" it. Not even the immense power of the Creator is able to limit the damage it has created. It here the main idea of the poem is done, and it is mainly through irony, the Creator has created a beast with evil burning so brightly that even has "brightness" in the forests of the experience, evil so immense that its creator can not control or "framework" itself. This evil, in the context of Blake's other works can be read as creation and therefore, the tiger can be read as a subtle attack on his overwhelming evil and hypocrisy. " The Tigris has been recognized as one of the finest poems of Blake.

In his Life of William Blake, Alexander Gilchrist's biographer reports that the poem comes from having been summoned many times … they have made great strange old Hebrew-like, however, its latitude East force of eloquence relatively familiar.

The essayist and critic Charles Lamb also wrote of Blake: "I heard of his poems, but I've never seen. There's a tiger … is glorious! "

Many critics have focused on Symbolism in The Tiger is often contrasted with language, images and questions of origin presented by its "innocent" counterpart, the Lamb.

ED Hirsch, Jr., for example, reported that although the Tyger satire of the song in the Lamb is not the main function of poetry.

Jerome McGann J, however, asserts in his essay on in1973 poem "The Tiger … try a cognitive apprehension, but eventually exhaust our efforts." Therefore, he concludes, "the extreme diversity opinion among critics of Blake about the meaning of particular poems and passages of poems is perhaps the most eloquent testimony that we owe the success of his work. "

Published in 1794 as one of Songs of Experience, Blake's tiger is a poem about the nature of creation, as well as his poem is earlier Cantos innocent, lamb. But this poem is concerned about the dark side of creation, when their results are less obvious than the simple things. Blake's simplicity in language and construction in disagreement with the complexity of their ideas. This poem is intended to be interpreted in comparison and contrast with the lamb, showing both states "Against the human soul" toward creation.

It has been said several times that Blake believes that a person had to go through a state of being innocent as lamb, and also to absorb the contrasting conditions experienced as the tiger, to reach a higher level of consciousness.

In any case, Blake's vision of a creative force in the universe to establish a balance of innocence and experience is at the heart of this poem. President of the poem is that it was never identified and therefore can be more in line with Blake himself as in his other poems.

One interpretation could be that the bard of the Introduction the Songs of Experience walking through the ancient forest and the encounter with the beast itself, or the material world. The poem reflects mainly the response of the speaker for the tiger, instead of the response of the tiger in the world. He wrote most of his work before romance in English literature during the early stages of the industrial revolution and revolutions in central Europe and America.

The school boy

At first reading, the school is the voice of a child who complained is locked in their school work instead of playing outside in the sun. When we look more closely at the poem, we can see that the poem is back on the theme of childhood and happiness destroyed presented natural that you can see in other poems in the collection, such as sweeping in the experiment the portal of the girl who was "happy in the wilderness" now "Crying mourn in notes of woe! "

Depth comparison of the child's school can be done to green Ecchoing in innocence. The two poems "speak of children, but it gives us the green Ecchoing a picture of them to play in idyllic natural surroundings.

The Green Ecchoing is full of images of children in pastoral work and the typical nature of innocence while the child teaches school children taken from these images and discreet, as is more typical of poetry in the experience.

Sweep

Chimney Sweep The poem addresses the challenges faced by children for the life of a sweep in late 18th century in London. The poem can also refer to the suffering of all children who work and can be considered as an attack on the creative poverty maintained. The voice of the poem is the enthusiasm. 4
Tyger reflects sweeping as Social and political beliefs Blake. It is an attack on what he considers an injustice, evil and suffering in the world.

If we look carefully this poem, one feels that the child is full of hope. Furthermore, the design does not see the text and reveals the hopes and happiness, as indicated in the poem.

The sweep in the experiment takes the same position as the poem of the same title Collection innocence, but it is a different view. In this poem, it is clear that there are three different views of the raids situation, he, his parents and an observer. Since first reading, it is clear that the sense of sweep as young as their parents are supporting yourself, just trying to appease her conscience and that the observer has an attitude of pity and indignation.

In general, the poem is Blake's attack on the hypocrisy of the Church and the whole institution. 5 [

Conclusion

Blake is renowned for art works that made him different from his contemporary artists. I wanted to develop a particular technology and unique style mix of painting and poetry.

Blake was a man so hard in anger against the establishment as a whole. In London Blake, but the strict social and moral codes of society prevented his work is never acceptable, was rejected by the society the creation of a madman, poems such as Wordsworth's works are those that have been sold.

The 21st century has been, however, social and political climate very different from one in which Blake lived. People are now freer than ever to follow their own beliefs and as attention, for example, Blake's work has been increasing. Therefore his poetry has been widely discussed, as is its use of traditional metrics and the art of attacking the Church and the whole institution.

The poems discussed; The scan / s and the Tigris are poems that reflect the political and social beliefs of Blake, who urges us to adopt and meet with him to attack what he considered the leading cause of evil, injustice and suffering in a world of abundance ", the Church and all creation

As for the integrated art, new Mitchell added that the photographs or drawings have many relationships, and split the scene verbally. More often, are visual metaphors Translation Blake. And the goal Blake with this illustration is to represent the epitome of poetry and how their visual personifications. (1964, 18)

In addition, drawings to give a more precise meaning, and something to expand resonances of the imagination or not, serve an aesthetic or semantic important goal. (1964,

Sometimes, the design incorporates the words. In most cases, the designs complement the words in such a way as to ensure that in almost all the plates. If one considers the border and the word design, as well as paradise while Blake is shown. (1964, 77)

illuminated books Blake, in fact focus on his theory that "no otherwise, no progress." The independence of the components is, however, because of the unity of art compound, and why his books are the most Enlightened integrated visual art report.

Blake himself said that poetry and visual images to "talk" is misguided, since it assumes the independent reality of space and time.

In short, the idea of his poetry is not valid target time and the idea of painting the valid target area. In other words, his poetry is the power of human imagination time to create your own image, and his painting says the centrality of human body as the structural principle of space. In fact, the unit, your work can be found in the battle mind and body. (1978, 34)

He tried to invade the soul of man through more than one sense, his art and thought he moved to a unit. It is based on the sister arts have never been before or later, into one body, and their union created a new art form – an art of arts. The independence of Blake's illustration can be understood when there are examples, not illustrate the text.

Blake two different forms of work must be considered separately. The text can be compared with other text and design with the other. The independence of text and drawings of Blake then lets symbolic of Independent States, the state of ironic contrast and increase the metaphorical complexity.

Northrop Frye explains this independence in a different way:

… The independence of Blake's drawings of his words is quite surprising considering existing conventions in which he worked. The tradition of history painting … tend to dictate a servile fidelity to the text and naive allegories were emblems books generally an attempt to simplify the verbal meaning. (1978, 14)

On the other hand, Mitchell suggests that there are three main implications for practice of poetry and painting together.

He encouraged the belief in the possibility of transferring techniques from one medium to another.

This meant the idea that the coupling of two arts offers a complete imitation of the total reality. (1978, 17)

As Mitchell explained, illustrated books Blake has its own "principles of inter-animation", which is a specific structure or form of poetic images and values, and a painting style that interacts with this poetic form. Blake made art reached its "integrity" at different levels of pictorial poetic forms. This unit is also active and dynamic and is based on the interaction of text and design as independent or not. (1978, 16)

If we evaluate the paintings and the poems of Blake, we can conclude that, although different, are almost equal in value.

In short, the illustrations of Blake's work can be used to understand the meaning the text for the decoration of text or to see the text. Paint can give life to the text. These functions can also be considered for a text. The text can be painted and decorated significant pages.

Although sometimes there is no relationship between text and illustration, we can say that painting can decorate the poem is pleasing to the eye of the beholder. Was new at that time and also very interesting.

Bibliography

1.Hagstrum, John H. William Blake: poet and painter, the University of Chicago Press, 1964.

2.Essick, Robert N. William Blake and the language of Adam, 1989.

3.J.Mc Gann, Jerome William Blake illuminates the very truth, 1989.

4.Mitchell, Adrian. Contemporary British dramatists. St. James Press, 1994.

Northrop 5.Frye, Culture and Literature, 1978.

6.Gardner, Stanley. Blake's innocence and previous experience. London, Athlone, 1986.

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